•The upper - This is the outer part of the shoe, generally made up of a piece of leather in which we distinguish the following parts: the vamp, from the toe to the instep, the quarters, which represent the lateral parts of the shoe, and the counter, located at the back and designed to consolidate the heel.
• The lining - Located inside the upper, it is in direct contact with the foot and is intended to reinforce the leather.
• The outsole - Part directly in contact with the ground, it is the external sole.
• The insole - It is composed of a first of assembly, sole sewn with with the stem and of a first of cleanliness which comes to cover the first of assembly and on which comes to rest the foot.
The assembly is thus the technique according to which the upper is assembled with these various elements, in particular and mainly with the sole(s). To do this, the upper of the shoe is placed on a last, then the elements are assembled according to a manufacturing process that varies from one assembly to another. It is on this last point that we will stop today.